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Though humanitarian aid organizations have made significant headway in helping victims of the floods that recently devastated Pakistan, there are still more challenges to be faced, Valerie Amos, UN under-secretary-general for humanitarian affairs and emergency relief coordinator, told Xinhua in a recent interview.

Amos returned this week from a four-day mission to Pakistan, her second trip to the country since taking the UN’s top humanitarian post in September. Amos’first trip to Pakistan came on her first day on the job as under-secretary-general and head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

“Going back three months later I am pleased that we’ve been able to feed millions of people, that we’ve been able to provide shelter for millions of people, that millions of people have had access to water and sanitation and to urgently needed healthcare,” she said. “But a huge amount still remains to be done.”

Floods in July and August covered one-fifth of Pakistan, impacting nearly 20 million Pakistanis and leaving 40 million in need of urgent humanitarian assistance. The floods devastated more than 2.2 million hectares of crops as well as 1.7 million homes.

DEVASTATION REMAINS

On her latest trip to the Asian country, Amos visited Sindh Province in the southeast of the country, one of the areas most profoundly impacted by the flooding.

“Only about 50 percent of the waters have receded in that province,” Amos said. “There are still small communities that we have not been able to get to because of the nature of the flooding, so the situation remains extremely difficult.”

An estimated total of four million people in Pakistan are currently without shelter.

The situation will become more difficult as Pakistan experiences a shift in seasons, causing a drop in temperatures that have already fallen below zero degrees Celsius in some areas of the country.

Amos explained that the women she spoke to at the Jalozai Camp in the northern Kyber Pakhthunkwa (KPK) identified food, shelter and warmth as their most important needs as winter approaches.

With winter also comes more potential for certain diseases to take hold. Pakistan has thus far avoided the scourge of cholera, much feared because of the stagnant waters left from the floods, but Amos said that the country must remain vigilant.

“On this return visit, I was very concerned with the weather getting much, much colder,” she said, “The impact of respiratory problems, particularly on children and women, is something that we will continue to keep an eye on.”

GOING HOME AGAIN?

Amos said that beyond short-term relief and emergency assistance, many people she spoke to on her trip to Pakistan simply want their homes and lives back.

“For a lot of people, going home is the thing that is at the top of their agenda but they know, those who have just been displaced by the flooding, they know what they will go back to is something that is not sustainable either for them individually or for their families,” Amos said. “So they want help with shelter but they critically want help to rebuild their livelihoods.”

For those Pakistanis who return home, temporary shelter may be needed as well as assistance to help them return to agricultural practices.

“For most people who have been affected by this, agriculture is very, very important,” Amos said. “Many of them have missed this year’s planting season already, which will have implications for their livelihoods next year.”

Continuing to educate the children displaced by floods will also be integral when displaced Pakistanis return home.

“One of the things that has arisen as a result of the displacement that people have experienced is that temporary schools were established in some of the camps, and for some children this is the first time that they had access to schooling, so making sure when they go back to their home that education is being provided is something that is very important as well,” Amos explained.

Education has so far reached 212,000 beneficiaries through more than 2,000 temporary learning centers established in Pakistan.

THE FUNDING EFFORT

Obtaining funding for what Amos called “one of the largest crises that we’ve ever had to respond to,” has posed challenges and will continue to require the attention and compassion of OCHA and the UN as well as the international community as a whole.

At first raising funds for Pakistan “was extremely slow because I think that people just didn’t understand how widespread the flooding was and how deep the devastation was,” Amos said.

An updated call for funds, the revised Pakistan Floods Emergency Response Plan (FERP), requires 1.94 billion U.S. dollars for Pakistan to be raised by July 2011. The appeal is currently 49 percent funded.

According to Amos, the appeal will serve dual purposes.

“It’s for immediate emergency relief needs, but it’s also for what we call initial recovery needs. This is as people go back to their homes and really helping them to get back into their lives, and it’s about half and half of each sort of thing,” she said.

Mobilizing the funding will continue to be a challenge. The under-secretary-general explained that “a whole range of issues” have rendered fundraising for Pakistan difficult at times, not the least of which are the impact of the global economic crisis on donations as well as the abundance of natural disasters and humanitarian crises that occurred this year.

“I think people do feel sometimes a little bit overwhelmed by the scale and depth of what is happening in the world and are sometimes aren’t clear how they can make a contribution,” she said.

Another factor that Amos identified is the public perception of Pakistan’s political situation, including concerns about corruption in the country.

“In a country like Pakistan, there are other concerns, which relate to the political context in that country and the security context in that country,” she said.

LESSONS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Although the humanitarian situation in Pakistan has posed numerous challenges and will continue to do so, Amos said that ” there is always much that you can learn” from an event of such magnitude and complexity.

She said that the UN and OCHA have made great strides in not only providing relief to Pakistan, but in improving the coordination of humanitarian activities with the many entities working together in the country.

“I think how agencies are working together has improved significantly, making the connections between the importance of clean water and sanitation and health and food,” Amos said. “We have done that very well. I think we have in some parts of the country worked extremely well with local government and local authorities and with the military.”

According to Amos, humanitarian work in Pakistan has even revealed issues that were less noticed before the floods, like the prevalence of malnutrition.

“I think after a slow start in Pakistan where we were as overwhelmed as the government and others in terms of the scale of the crisis, I think we have done a great deal in terms of the people we have managed to feed, the people we have given access to healthcare, the people who now have access to clean water and to sanitation, the children who are now are getting an education,” she said.

Amos told Xinhua that she will continue to work assiduously to draw international attention to Pakistan and other areas of the world that are facing urgent humanitarian need.

“I certainly think that part of my job is to make sure there is continued visibility, not just on Pakistan but also on other parts of the world where people need our help and support, and to really try and push governments to really do their best to make a contribution,” she said.

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki- moon on Friday called on the international community to strengthen its political commitment to eradicating racism and discrimination against people of African descent.

The statement came as Ban launched the International Year for People of African Descent, established by the UN General Assembly to promote awareness and respect for the diverse heritage and culture of people of African descent.

The secretary-general welcomed the effort to “pay tribute to the vast contributions made by people of African descent to the advancement of the political, economic, social and cultural development of all our societies.”

Meanwhile, the secretary-general underlined that people of African descent are among those most affected by racism.

“Too often, they face denial of basic rights such as access to quality health services and education. Such fundamental wrongs have a long and terrible history,” he said.

Ban urged the international community to hold up the principles of the Durban Declaration and Plan of Action (DDPA), in order to ensure the full integration of people of African descent into all aspects of society including their full participation at all levels of decision-making.

Adopted by the UN in 2001, the Durban Declaration and Plan of Action is a comprehensive document that outlines concrete measures to combating racism and intolerance throughout the world.

“The international community cannot accept that whole communities are marginalized because of the color of their skin,” Ban said.

A Finnish study shows that preterm birth is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in adult life, local media reported Friday.

According to the research team, the risk of developing adult type 2 diabetes for people born preterm is about 60 percent higher than for the population in general.

A possible explanation is that preterm babies spent some time growing outside the womb, which may reduce muscle mass and disrupt the metabolism of sugars, the report said.

The research, based on the health records of over 13,000 men and women born in Helsinki between 1934-1944, has also coordinated data concerning the length of gestation and special reimbursement for diabetes medication.